COVID-19 and lung function: a comprehensive review of long-term implications and therapeutic interventions

Abstract

Background: As the scientific community grapples with the increasing symptomatology stemming from COVID-19, it is becoming increasingly evident that this systemic disease extends beyond its acute respiratory manifestations. While the world was still grappling with the immediate consequences of the pandemic, such as pneumonia, pulmonary thromboembolism, and heightened cardiovascular risk, a series of questions arose concerning the long-term sequelae. The mechanisms and implications of these sequelae remain elusive. Objective: This review explores the impact of COVID-19 on lung function and underscores the significance of thorough assessment and treatment for post-COVID-19 patients, often referred to as Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PACS). COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, exerts its primary effects on the respiratory system and can lead to chronic complications affecting various organ systems. Methods: We carried out searches in three main databases and gray literature, in English, without date restrictions. Results: Lung function assumes a pivotal role, as a substantial number of patients report persistent dyspnea and other respiratory symptoms even after recovery from the acute infection. These lingering symptoms significantly impair patients' quality of life and functional capacity. This study underscores the necessity of precise assessments of lung function, encompassing pulmonary function tests and computed tomography scans, to identify abnormalities and guide treatment strategies. Moreover, we emphasize the vital role of therapeutic interventions and multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs aimed at enhancing the quality of life for PACS patients. Final Considerations: While there exist recommendations for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation, further research is imperative to validate the effectiveness of these interventions and establish a robust evidence base. In summary, this review underscores the enduring impact of COVID-19 on lung function and underscores the importance of individualized care and ongoing research efforts to cater to the needs of post-COVID-19 patients.